TECHNOLOGY

solution for intel thinking

2008-06-16T09:30:00.001-07:00

The future of WiMAX should be assured. After all, Intel has poured billions into WiMAX, from chipsets to investments in service providers. But the question, of course, is why. Intel is a chip company, and is always looking for high-volume opportunities to sell vast numbers of chips. Shouldn't, therefore, Intel remain relatively agnostic when it comes to next-generation developments? Perhaps Intel originally thought that WiMAX would achieve critical mass well in advance of LTE, and thus LTE would be no more than a runner up. That's clearly not the case, and there's evidence now that Intel realizes this. Intel CEO Paul Otellini has said that WiMAX is spurring the development of LTE, and that's a good thing. Sean Moloney, who spearheaded WiMAX development at Intel, says he'd like to see the harmonization of WiMAX and LTE. That won't happen anytime soon, but why would he make such a suggestion? Scott Richardson, Chief Strategy Officer for Clearwire, made a similar suggestion today, by the way, during a WiMAX Webcast announcing an intellectual-property consortium.

wat is intel thinking?

2008-06-16T09:26:00.000-07:00

Intel will shortly announce its long-awaited "Montevina" Centrino chipset that includes WiMAX functionality. While this is an obvious direction for Intel to go, I'm left scratching my head a little over this one. I have never advocated buying a notebook with a built-in WWAN adapter; that's just too much of a lock-in to a network that might not be the right choice everywhere - and you get to pay for it with hefty monthly charges whether it works for you or not. In the case of WiMAX, which will have only limited commercial availability this year, such a lock-in would be counterproductive for those who travel beyond an area with service availability. Ultimately, it will be critical mass that determines the success of 4G technologies - enough availability in enough places to convince potential customers to make the investment and commitment.

INTRODUCTION OF INTEL

2008-06-15T09:11:00.000-07:00

Intel Corporation (“Intel”) is a leading technological manufacturer
that largely can be credited with many of today’s technological advances,
innovations and developments – it hardly can be accused of seeking to curb
the growth of the Internet or computer technology. Indeed, these
developments have greatly enhanced the American economy, as well as
provided Americans with increased access to information. The
memberships of the Labor Policy Association, Inc. (“LPA”), the United
States Chamber of Commerce (the “Chamber”) and the California Chamber
of Commerce (the “Cal Chamber”) (collectively, “Business Amici”) are
comprised of businesses, organizations and employers that benefit from
these advancements and rely upon them to remain competitive in the global
economy. Appellant, Kourosh Kenneth Hamidi (“Hamidi”), and other
Amici1 have acknowledged the importance of email to American industry
and society in their various letters and briefs.
Simultaneously, however, American businesses, organizations and
employers have a vested interest in protecting the billions of dollars of
technological properties they purchase and maintain, and for which they
ultimately may be liable in the event of abuse.
Although Hamidi and Defendant Amici gloomily

INTEL ABSTRACT

2008-06-15T09:08:00.000-07:00

The Intel® Core™ Duo processor is a new member of the Intel® mobile processor product line. It is the first Intel® mobile microarchitecture that uses CMP (Core Multi-Processor; i.e., multi cores on die) technology. Targeted to the market of general-purpose mobile systems, the Intel Core Duo core was built to achieve high performance, while consuming low power and fitting into different thermal envelopes.
In order to achieve the required performance, a CMP-based microarchitecture was designed to achieve power-efficient architecture, each performance improvement was evaluated against the power cost, and only the power-efficient performance features were implemented.
On top of that, special hardware mechanisms were added to better control the static and the dynamic power consumption. As a result, the Intel Core Duo processor provides higher performance in the same form factors without needing to increase the cooling capability.

INTEL AND AMD

2008-06-11T09:29:00.001-07:00

The argument over an AMD CPU versus an Intel CPU and which has a higher functionality is currently raging. Simply two years ago this was not even a question. Anyone would tell you that the Intel CPU won the speed and complex algorithm war with AMD CPU's without question. Fast-forward to today and Intel is now playing catch-up to the latest in AMD technologies.

Intel played marketing games with their CPU's pricing them high and touting the functionality that they posses as cutting edge. AMD started out as the cheap alternative CPU manufacturer for computer brands such as e-Machines and low-end Compaqs. From the beginning, AMD CPU's were fighting an uphill battle to catch up with the technology in the Intel CPU. As the years have progressed, AMD has progressed.

AMD

2008-06-11T09:28:00.000-07:00

AMD, long the oppressed rebel force in the chip industry, managed to launch an attack on the Intel Death Star with the introduction of its 64-bit Opteron processors in 2003.

Opteron ran 64-bit applications and legacy 32-bit applications without the drag on performance noted in Intel's Itanium processors. AMD upped the ante further in 2005 with the introduction of its first dual-core Opteron processors that doubled the performance of single-core Opterons.

The first chink in Intel's armor appeared in the second quarter of that year when, as Mercury Research reported, Intel's market share slipped to 82.5 %, from 82.8 % in the year ago quarter, while AMD's inched up to 15.7 % from 15.6 %

INTEL VS AMD

2008-06-11T09:25:00.000-07:00

Perspective’s review of the 780G+Athlon 4850e combo. There’s a lot of interesting details down there. For example the differences between hybrid SLI and hybrid Crossfire – something had to be different, innit? It also shows the difference between Intel and AMD’s power efficiency designs. Some stats thrown in for good measure too – however Intel’s upcoming G45 should upset this AMD advantage. 2008 is shaping up to be quite the Mexican stand-off

Configuring a Simple Data Flow

2008-06-08T05:00:00.000-07:00

Now we'll continue on with designing a package to load a dimension. In this example, we copy a subset of the columns of the Sales Territory table from our OLTP source system into a table in our data warehouse.

1.	Drag a Data Flow task from the Toolbox onto the surface of the Control Flow tab.
2.	Double-click the new Data Flow task to open the data flow design surface. Drag an OLE DB Source from the Toolbox onto the pane and change the name to Sales Territory.
3.	Drag an OLE DB Destination data flow destination from the Toolbox onto the pane and change the name to DW SalesTerritory.
4.	Click Sales Territory and drag the green arrow onto DW Sales Territory. You can't configure the data destination properly until it has data flowing into it. You will notice in the Sales Territory data flow source that there is a small red circle with an X in it. This is because it is missing some information. You can hover the mouse over the X to see what the problem is. We need to tell it where to find the source data, which table it is in, and which columns we want to copy.
5.	Double-click the Sales Territory OLE DB Source to open the OLE DB Source Editor.

6.	Set the OLE DB Connection Manager setting to SalesTracking.
7.	Set the data access mode to Table or view, and select [Sales].[Sales Territory] from the list of tables. Click Columns.
8.	We only want to copy TerritoryID, Name, CountryRegionCode, and Group, so check those columns. Uncheck the others.
9.	Double-click the DW Sales Territory SQL Server destination to open the OLE DB Source Editor.
10.	Set the Connection Manager to DataWarehouse.
11.	Select [dbo].[dimSalesTerritory] from the list of tables.
12.	Click Mappings.
13.	Drag and drop each input column onto the corresponding destination column. The TerritoryID input column is mapped to the business key, not to the SalesTerritoryKey. SalesTerritoryKey is an internally generated surrogate key. (The editor does try to map the columns based on the name, but none of our names match. If there are any automatic mappings, it is a good idea to review them.)
14.	Click OK to save the configuration. This would be a good time to save the whole solution, too.

Solution Overview

2008-06-03T20:12:00.000-07:00

Solution Overview

Our customer faces the competing demands of faster query performance and providing more detail in the data. The increased level of detail will increase the data volume and thus reduce performance if nothing else changes. Based on the business requirements outlined below, we will design a solution that takes advantage of some new features in SQL Server 2005 to provide the desired improvements and still operate on the same hardware platform.

Business Requirements

The business has provided requirements about the increased level of detail they need in the data warehouse, about the longer hours of availability, and operational goals to reduce maintenance time and resource utilization.

Data Volume and Level of Detail

The business needs to analyze the data across all dimensions. The data is provided in a call detail record (CDR). The solution will eventually need to handle billions of rows in the fact table and be able to load and transform millions of facts per day. Recent data is queried far more often and at more detailed levels than historical data. However, queries summarizing current data and comparing it with parallel historical periods are also common, and need to perform well.

Data is kept for five years before being archived

Very Large Data Warehouses

2008-06-03T20:10:00.000-07:00

Problem Statement

Many of the business problems our customer is experiencing would benefit from the kinds of BI capabilities that you have seen in previous chapters, but there is one huge technical problem that first needs to be overcomethe volume of data in a utility company's data warehouse can be staggering. The client has reduced the volume of data by loading filtered and summarized data into relational data mart databases for specific business applications. The business still finds itself constrained in many ways:

The summarized level of information leads to limitations in the kinds of queries that can be answered meaningfully, because some of the dimension attributes are no longer available. For example, data summarized to the month level cannot be used to predict daily traffic levels.
Data points from multiple systems are summarized and consolidated separately, leading to silos of information in the various data marts.
The users cannot get timely information on events such as the effect of promotions on network traffic. As the database grows in size, increasing maintenance time is reducing availability of the system.
Queries that span or summarize long time periods or many geographic areas are becoming too slow as the amount of data increases

Solution Overview

2008-06-02T10:38:00.000-07:00

The solution we are going to examine builds a data warehouse designed with the ability to correctly represent historical information. We will use Integration Services to manage the loading and updating of slowly changing dimension tables and Analysis Services to analyze the facts in the context of the time it was captured.

Business Requirements

The high-level requirements to support the business objectives are as follows:

Ability to track client history. Some changes to a client's information are interesting and useful for analysis, other changes are not. Credit rating is interesting in analysis, phone number changes are not. The credit union needs the ability to know the state of their clients at any point in time, so that any analysis carried out in the client's context applies at that point in time. Any significant changes in a client's state should not overwrite existing values but should be added to the client's history. This means, for example, that when a client's credit rating changes, the periods of time when the old ratings are in effect and when the new rating is in effect are treated independently. Conversely, if the client's phone number changes, it makes no difference to any analysis, and there is no need to track old phone numbers.
Multidimensional transaction analysis. The solution must allow the users to analyze the transactions using the dimension values from the CRM system that were in effect at the time of the transaction, as well as by other dimensions such as the type of transaction (withdrawal, payroll deposit, and so on) and channel (ATM, Branch, Internet Banking, and so forth).

Business Problem

2008-06-02T10:32:00.000-07:00

The customer is a large, progressive credit union with a growing personal and business client base approaching 100,000 members. They offer a full set of services including banking, loans, mortgages, retirement funds, brokerage, and financial planning.

Problem Statement

tions for the preceding month from a central service provider. However, the CRM system and the financial transaction system feed are independent. The transactions contain an account number and a transaction date that could be used to determine the value of the client attributes at the time of the transaction, but this is of little analytic value because the data warehouse contains CRM

The customer relationship group in the credit union maintains their customer information in a commercial customer relationship management (CRM) system. They would like to track various pieces of information about their clients over time, but the CRM system maintains only a snapshot of the current status of their clients. Data is uploaded from the CRM system once per month into a data warehouse. The CRM system does not indicate what data has changed, and the data in the data warehouse is simply overwritten.

The credit union also receives monthly feeds of all the customer transaction

data for only one period. No existing facility enables users to easily generate analytic reports that combine data from both systems and provide a view of any point in history. It is not even possible to reprint a previous report with the same data after more than one month, because the data has been replaced.

Business Intelligence Projects

2008-05-31T09:27:00.000-07:00

Our recommended approach to BI projects is to focus on the business value of a proposed solution. That is, every BI project should have a clearly defined business case that details how much money will be spent and exactly what the expected business benefits are. As described in the final section of this chapter, these benefits may or may not be financially quantifiable, but they must be clearly defined and include some criteria to assess the results.
We recommend an iterative approach of short (three months or so) projects that focus on one specific business case. This approach has a lot of benefits in that it provides opportunity for improvement and learning through the different phases and can more easily adapt to changing business conditions as well as delivering business value along with way.
Instead of thinking about BI as a single large project that can deliver a defined set of features and then stop, you need to think about BI as an iterative process of building complete solutions. Each phase or version that you ship needs to have a clearly defined business case and include all the standard elements that lead to successful solutions, such as a deployment plan and training for end users.
In general, if a team realizes that it is not going to meet the deadline for this phase, they should be cutting scope. This usually means focusing attention on the key areas that formed the business case and moving the less-valuable features to a subsequent release. This kind of discipline is essential to delivering business value, because if your timelines slip and your costs increase, the expected return on investment will not materialize and you will have a much harder time getting commitment for a follow-up project. Of course, you can't cut many of the features that are essential to the "value" part of the equation either.
The challenge with this iterative approach is that without a careful approach to the data architecture, you might end up with disconnected islands of information again. The solution to this problem is that the architectural team needs to focus on conformed dimensions.

Designing a Dimensional Data Model

2008-05-31T09:25:00.000-07:00

Practical Business Intelligence with SQL Server

2008-05-31T09:17:00.000-07:00

Business Intelligence is a set of concepts, methods, and technologies designed to pursue the elusive goal of turning all the widely separated data in an organization into useful information and eventually into knowledge.
This information has historically been delivered to an organization's analysts and management through reporting and analysis capabilities, but increasingly BI is being delivered to all parts of an organization by integrating smarter capabilities into the applications and tools that people use to perform their everyday jobs. The most successful BI solutions can create exceptionally valuable capabilities for an organization, such as the ability to proactively spot opportunities to increase revenue or improve operational processes and practices.
In the past, BI projects have often suffered from over-hyped attempts to highlight the potential value without consideration of the work that is required within an organization. Simply building a BI capability doesn't mean that it will easily be able to move off the whiteboards and out of the server rooms and into the hands of a user community that is ready and prepared to do something with the information. The best BI solutions pay as much attention to the "business" as the "intelligence," and in this book we look at both sides with a focus on the practical aspects required for success.

Verify File Integrity and Find Compromised Files

2008-05-30T06:57:00.001-07:00

One tool that can help you detect intrusions on a host and also ascertain what happened after the fact is Tripwire (http://sourceforge.net/projects/tripwire). Tripwire is part of a class of tools known as file integrity checkers, which can detect the presence of important changed files on your systems. This is desirable because intruders who have gained access to a system will often install what's known as a root kit, in an attempt to both cover their tracks and maintain access to the system. A root kit usually accomplishes this by modifying key operating system utilities such as ps, ls, and other programs that could give away the presence of a backdoor program. This usually means that these programs will be patched to not report that a certain process is active or that certain files exist on the system. Attackers could also modify the system's MD5 checksum program (e.g., md5 or md5sum) to report correct checksums for all the binaries that they have replaced. Since using MD5 checksums is usually one of the primary ways to verify whether a file has been modified, it should be clear that something else is sorely needed.
This is where Tripwire comes in handy. It stores a snapshot of your files in a known state, so you can periodically compare the files against the snapshot to discover discrepancies. With this snapshot, Tripwire can track changes in a file's size, inode number, permissions, or other attributes, such as the file's contents. To top all of this off, Tripwire encrypts and signs its own files, to detect if it has been compromised itself.

RECOVERY RESPONSE

2008-05-30T06:55:00.000-07:00

Incident recovery and response is a very broad topic, and there are many opinions on the proper methods to use and actions to take once an intrusion has been discovered. Just as the debate rages on regarding vi versus emacs, Linux versus Windows, and BSD versus everything else, there is much debate in the computer forensics crowd on the "clean shutdown" versus "pull the plug" argument. A whole book could be written on recovering from and responding to an incident since there are many things to consider when doing so, and the procedure you should use is far from well defined.
With this in mind, this chapter is not meant to be a guide on what to do when you first discover an incident, but it does show you how to perform tasks that you might decide to undertake in the event of a successful intrusion. In reading this chapter, you will learn how to properly create a filesystem image to use for forensic investigation of an incident, methods for verifying that files on your system haven't been tampered with, and some ideas on how to quickly track down the owner of an IP address.

HACKING

2008-05-27T21:13:00.000-07:00

Keeping logs is a very important aspect of maintaining the security of your network, as logs can assist in everything from alerting you to an impending attack to debugging network problems. After an incident has occurred, good logs can help you track down how the attacker got in, fix the security hole, and figure out which machines were affected. In addition, logs can help with tracing the attack back to its source, so you can identify or take legal action against the intruder. In short, log files are worth their weight in gold (just pretend that bits and bytes weigh a lot). As such, they should be given at least as much protection as any other information that's stored on your servers—even the patent schematics for your perpetual motion machine.
This chapter deals mostly with various ways to set up remote logging, whether it be a simple central syslogd that your servers are logging to, setting up your Windows machines to send to a syslogd, or using syslog-ng to collect logs from remote sites through an encrypted TCP connection. Using these methods, you can ensure that your logs are sitting safely on a dedicated server that's running minimal services, to decrease the chance that the logs will be compromised.
Once you have all your logs collected in a central place, what can you do with them? This chapter also covers ways to summarize your logs into reports that are easy to read and understand, so you can quickly spot the most pertinent information. If that's not fast enough for you, you'll also learn how to set up real-time alerts that will notify you as soon as a critical event occurs. In some circumstances, responding immediately to an event—rather than waiting around for it to end up in a report that you read the next morning—can save hours of effort.

POSSIBLE THREATS

2008-05-25T21:15:00.001-07:00

How, though, does an attacker gain access to your equipment? Through any connection that you have to the outside world. This includes Internet connections, dial-up modems, and even physical access. (How do you know that one of the temps that you've brought in to help with the data entry isn't really a system cracker looking for passwords, data phone numbers, vulnerabilities and anything else that can get him access to your equipment?)
In order to be able to adequately address security, all possible avenues of entry must be identified and evaluated. The security of that entry point must be consistent with your stated policy on acceptable risk levels.

NETWORK THREATS

2008-05-25T21:11:00.000-07:00

There are many creative ways that unscrupulous people use to access or abuse unprotected computers:
· Remote login - When someone is able to connect to your computer and control it in some form. This can range from being able to view or access your files to actually running programs on your computer.
· Application backdoors - Some programs have special features that allow for remote access. Others contain bugs that provide a backdoor or hidden access, that provides some level of control of the program. SMTP session hijacking - SMTP is the most common method of sending e-mail over the Internet. By gaining access to a list of e-mail addresses, a person can send unsolicited junk e-mail (spam) to thousands of users. This is done quite often by redirecting the e-mail through the SMTP server of an unsuspecting host, making the actual sender of the spam difficult to trace.
· Operating system bugs - Like applications, some operating systems have backdoors. Others provide remote access with insufficient security controls or have bugs that an experienced hacker can take advantage of.
· Denial of service - You have probably heard this phrase used in news reports on the attacks on major Web sites. This type of attack is nearly impossible to counter. What happens is that the hacker sends a request to the server to connect to it. When the server responds with an acknowledgement and tries to establish a session, it cannot find the system that made the request. By inundating a server with these unanswerable session requests, a hacker causes the server to slow to a crawl or eventually crash.
· E-mail bombs - An e-mail bomb is usually a personal attack. Someone sends you the same e-mail hundreds or thousands of times until your e-mail system cannot accept any more messages.
· Macros - To simplify complicated procedures, many applications allow you to create a script of commands that the application can run. This script is known as a macro. Hackers have taken advantage of this to create their own macros that, depending on the application, can destroy your data or crash your computer.
· Viruses - Probably the most well-known threat is computer viruses. A virus is a small program that can copy itself to other computers. This way it can spread quickly from one system to the next. Viruses range from harmless messages to erasing all of your data.
· Spam - Typically harmless but always annoying, spam is the electronic equivalent of junk mail. Spam can be dangerous though. Quite often it contains links to Web sites. Be careful of clicking on these because you may accidentally accept a cookie that provides a backdoor to your computer.
· Redirect bombs - Hackers can use ICMP to change (redirect) the path information takes by sending it to a different router. This is one of the ways that a denial of service attack is set up.
· Source routing - In most cases, the path a packet travels over the Internet (or any other network) is determined by the routers along that path. But the source providing the packet can arbitrarily specify the route that the packet should travel. Hackers sometimes take advantage of this to make information appear to come from a trusted source or even from inside the network! Most firewall products disable source routing by default.

INTRODUCTION NETWORK SECURITY

2008-05-25T21:06:00.001-07:00

A basic understanding of computer networks is requisite in order to understand the principles of network security. In this section, we'll cover some of the foundations of computer networking, then move on to an overview of some popular networks. Following that, we'll take a more in-depth look at TCP/IP, the network protocol suite that is used to run the Internet and many intranets.
Once we've covered this, we'll go back and discuss some of the threats that managers and administrators of computer networks need to confront, and then some tools that can be used to reduce the exposure to the risks of network computing. A ``network'' has been defined as ``any set of interlinking lines resembling a net, a network of roads an interconnected system, a network of alliances.'' This definition suits our purpose well: a computer network is simply a system of interconnected computers.

Glossary

2008-05-24T20:14:00.000-07:00

CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Services
GSM Global System Mobile
DCS Digital Communication System
PCS Personal Communication System
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
BS Base Station
MSC Mobile Switching Centre
MS Mobile Station
WAN Wide Area Network
ISDN Integrated Services Data Network
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
PSDN Public Switched Data Network
PCSI Pacific Communication Systems Inc.
CS-CDPD Circuit Switching Cellular Digital Packet Data
DSMA-CD Digital Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
CSMA-CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
M-ES Mobile End Systems
IS Intermediate System
POS Point of Sale

The Future

2008-05-24T20:12:00.000-07:00

With the rapid technological advancements in Artificial Intelligence, Integrated Circuitry and increases in Computer Processor speeds, the future of mobile computing looks increasingly exciting.
The anytime, anywhere workforce is today a reality. A recent study showed that the use of mobile data services enhance enterprises productivity and work efficiency. In 2005, mobile workforce projects will be a priority for enterprises and by 2010, eighty percentage of critical process will use real-time mobile data.
With the emphasis increasingly on compact, small mobile computers, it may also be possible to have all the practicality of a mobile computer in the size of a hand held organizer or even smaller.
Use of Artificial Intelligence may allow mobile units to be the ultimate in personal secretaries, which can receive emails and paging messages, understand what they are about, and change the individuals personal schedule according to the message. This can then be checked by the individual to plan his/her day.
The working lifestyle will change, with the majority of people working from home, rather than commuting. This may be beneficial to the environment, as less transportation will be utilized. This mobility aspect may be carried further in that, even in social spheres, people will interact via mobile stations, eliminating the need to venture outside of the house.
This scary concept of a world full of inanimate zombies sitting, locked to their mobile stations, accessing every sphere of their lives via the computer screen becomes ever more real as technology, especially in the field of mobile data communications, rapidly improves and, as shown below, trends are very much towards ubiquitous or mobile computing.

OTHERE APPLICATIONS

2008-05-24T10:28:00.000-07:00

1.In courts
Defense counsels can take mobile computers in court. When the opposing counsel references a case which they are not familiar, they can use the computer to get direct, real-time access to on-line legal database services, where they can gather information on the case and related precedents. Therefore mobile computers allow immediate access to a wealth of information, making people better informed and prepared.
2.In companies
Managers can use mobile computers in, say, critical presentations to major customers. They can access the latest market share information. At a small recess, they can revise the presentation to take advantage of this information. They can communicate with the office about possible new offers and call meetings for discussing responds to the new proposals. Therefore, mobile computers can leverage competitive advantages.
3.Stock Information Collation/Control
In environments where access to stock is very limited ie: factory warehouses. The use of small portable electronic databases accessed via a mobile computer would be ideal. Data collated could be directly written to a central database, via a CDPD network, which holds all stock information hence the need for transfer of data to the central computer at a later date is not necessary. This ensures that from the time that a stock count is completed, there is no inconsistency between the data input on the portable computers and the central database.

APPLICATIONS

2008-05-24T10:26:00.003-07:00

Mobile working infrastructure can deliver real time business benefits, companies of all sizes are walking up to the fact that they can improve productivity and increase profits by giving employees remote access to mission critical corporate IT system.
An IT manager predicts “ More than 60% of the staff in global 2000 companies will have mobile access to corporate applications by 2005, Ultimately more than 40% of corporate application will have some mobile element “.
1.For Estate Agents
Estate agents can work either at home or out in the field. With mobile computers they can be more productive. They can obtain current real estate information by accessing multiple listing services, which they can do from home, office or car when out with clients. They can provide clients with immediate feedback regarding specific homes or neighborhoods, and with faster loan approvals, since applications can be submitted on the spot. Therefore, mobile computers allow them to devote more time to clients.
2.Emergency Services
Ability to receive information on the move is vital where the emergency services are involved. Information regarding the address, type and other details of an incident can be dispatched quickly, via a CDPD system using mobile computers, to one or several appropriate mobile units, which are in the vicinity of the incident.

CDPD TECHNOLOGY

2008-05-24T10:26:00.001-07:00

CDPD Technology
Today, the mobile data communications market is becoming dominated by a technology called CDPD. There are other alternatives to this technology namely Circuit Switched Cellular, Specialized Mobile Radio and Wireless Data Networks. The CDPD technology is much more advantageous than the others.
CDPD's principle lies in the usage of the idle time in between existing voice signals that are being sent across the cellular networks. The major advantage of this system is the fact that the idle time is not chargeable and so the cost of data transmission is very low. Business individuals may regard this as the most important consideration.
CDPD networks allow fixed or mobile users to connect to the network across a fixed link and a packet switched system respectively. Fixed users have a fixed physical link to the CDPD network. In the case of a mobile end user, the user can, if CDPD network facilities are non-existent, connect to existing circuit switched networks and transmit data via these networks. This is known as Circuit Switched CDPD (CS-CDPD).

DATA COMMNICATION

2008-05-24T10:25:00.001-07:00

Data CommunicationsMobile data communication has become a very important and rapidly evolving technology as it allows users to transmit data from remote locations to other remote or fixed locations using existing communication networks. This proves to be the solution to the biggest problem of business people on the move - mobility. The term data covers a wide range of applications including File Transfer (FT), interconnection between Wide-Area-Networks (WAN), facsimile (fax), electronic mail, access to the internet and the World Wide Web (WWW).
Data Communications have been achieved using a variety of networks such as PSTN, leased-lines and more recently ISDN (Integrated Services Data Network) and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) /Frame Relay. These networks are partly or totally analogue or digital using technologies such as circuit - switching, packet - switching e.t.c. The introduction of mobility in data communications required a move from the Public Switched Data Network (PSDN) to other networks like the ones used by mobile phones. PCSI has come up with an idea called CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) technology, which uses the existing mobile network (frequencies used for mobile telephony).

MOBILE COMPUTING

2008-05-24T10:23:00.000-07:00

Introduction
Mobile Computing: A technology that allows transmission of data, via a computer, without having to be connected to a fixed physical link.
Mobile voice communication is widely established throughout the world and has had a very rapid increase in the number of subscribers to the various cellular networks over the last few years. An extension of this technology is the ability to send and receive data across these cellular networks. This is the principle of mobile computing.

TYPES OF DEVICES

2008-05-21T10:59:00.000-07:00

There are three different types of ZigBee device:
 ZigBee coordinator(ZC): The most capable device, the coordinator forms the root of
the network tree and might bridge to other networks. There is exactly one ZigBee
coordinator in each network. It is able to store information about the network,
including acting as the repository for security keys.
 ZigBee Router (ZR): Routers can act as an intermediate router, passing data from
other devices.
 ZigBee End Device (ZED): Contains just enough functionality to talk to its parent
node (either the coordinator or a router); it cannot relay data from other devices. It
requires the least amount of memory, and therefore can be less expensive to
manufacture than a ZR or ZC

ZIGBEE FRAME STRUCTURE

2008-05-21T10:58:00.001-07:00

The data frame provides a payload of up to 104 bytes. The frame is numbered to ensure that
all packets are tracked. A frame-check sequence ensures that packets are received without
error. This frame structure improves reliability in difficult conditions.
After receiving a data packet, the receiver performs a 16-bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
to verify that the packet was not corrupted in transmission. With a good CRC, the receiver
can automatically transmit an acknowledgement packet (depending on application and
network needs), allowing the transmitting station to know that the data were received in an
acceptable form. If the CRC indicates the packet was corrupt, the packet is dropped and no
acknowledgement is transmitted. When a developer configures the network to expect
acknowledgement, the transmitting station will retransmit the original packet a specified
number of times to ensure successful packet delivery. If the path between the transmitter and
receiver has become less reliable or a network failure has occurred, ZigBee provides the
network with self-healing capabilities when alternate paths (if physically available) can be
established autono-mously.
Another important structure for 802.15.4 is the acknowledgment (ACK) frame. It provides
feedback from the receiver to the sender confirming that the packet was received without
error. The device takes advantage of specified "quiet time" between frames to send a short
packet immediately after the data-packet transmission.

ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY

2008-05-21T10:57:00.000-07:00

ZigBee is a home-area network designed specifically to replace the proliferation of individual
remote controls. ZigBee was created to satisfy the market's need for a cost-effective,
standards-based wireless network that supports low data rates, low power consumption,
security, and reliability The alliance is working closely with the IEEE to ensure an integrated,
complete, and interoperable network for the market. The ZigBee Alliance will also serve as
the official test and certification group for ZigBee devices. ZigBee is the only standardsbased
technology that addresses the needs of most remote monitoring and control and sensory
network applications.
The 802.15.4 specification only covers the lower networking layers (MAC and PHY). To
achieve inter-operability over a wide range of applications such as Home, Industrial or
Building Automation, the higher layers must be standardised as well.
The Zigbee Alliance has produced such a standard, using 802.15.4 wireless (generally in the
2.4 GHz band) as the low-level transport. Through the use of 'profiles', the specification may
customised to suit various application areas.

CPAN MODULES

2008-05-18T08:07:00.000-07:00

CPAN modules:
There are plenty of CPAN modules dealing with different linguistic problems:
Simulating typos
Is it possible to simulate typical human typos on QWERTY or other keyboard types?
Correcting typos, word distance
Given two words, what is their distance? Used in spell checkers.
Auto-correcting typos in Perl programs
Symbol::Approx::Scalar, Symbol::Approx::Sub
Intelligent chat and info bots
Chatbot::Eliza module and a lot of others
Semantic phrase parsing
Lingua::Wordnet module
Sonnets generated by Perl Automatic poetry, haiku, Coy module

SEVERAL APPROCHES FOR AI

2008-05-18T08:05:00.000-07:00

Approach 1:
With this approach, it is not important to solve tasks correctly. It is important to solve tasks in the same way as humans. Applications of this approach include Man-Machine communication and user interfaces.
Approach 2: This approach is rare in AI, however it is the most popular, there are yearly turing test competetions.
Approach 3:
This logical approach concerns laws of thought. Informal tasks (usually very computationally complex) should be described using formalism. Applications include expert systems and games
Approach 4:
This approach describes rational agents. These act in the best way to achieve goals, based on their information about the world. The decisions should be taken even if this information is not sufficient. Applications include all kinds of bots.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2008-05-18T08:01:00.000-07:00

Definition:
Usually Artificial Intelligence is defined as:
1. An attempt to make computers "more intelligent"
2. An attempt to understand how humans think.

HISTORY:
Artificial intelligence would be impossible without the work that led to the modern programmable digital computer.Calculating machines were built in antiquity and improved throughout history by many mathematicians, including, once again, philosopher Gottfried Leibniz. The first modern computers were the massive code breaking machines of the Second World War (ENIAC and Colossus, to name two). These could not have been built without the help and theoretical insight of mathematicians like Alan Turing and John Von Neumann.

ADVANTAGES

2008-05-17T09:02:00.000-07:00

There are a number of implementations of the Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol available for the Linux platform. The AODV protocol consists of a number of messages which it uses for route discovery, route maintenance and repair, and neighbor detection.
By continuously evaluating the known and attempting to discover new routes, they try to maintain the most up-to-date map of the network. This allows them to efficiently forward packets, as the route is known at the time when the packet arrives at the node

REACTIVE

2008-05-17T09:00:00.000-07:00

If on demand routing protocols are used, when data is to be routed to a destination, a source node might be required to initiate a search for the destination. If the network is large, significant latency may be incurred before the destination is found .
Reactive protocols determine the proper route only when required, that is, when a packet needs to be forwarded. In this instance, the node floods the network with a route request and builds the route on demand from the responses it receives. The scalability of both the table driven and the on demand routing protocols is limited.
Numerous on-demand routing protocols have been proposed some of the on demand routing protocols .They are
1.Adaptive On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol
2. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol
3.Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)

PROACTIVE

2008-05-17T08:58:00.000-07:00

When proactive routing protocols are employed a node would possess routing information to a destination before it would actually need to route data to that destination.
For this purpose routing tables are maintained. Route updates are exchanged periodically to reflect the changes in topological information. Popular proactive routing protocols for ad-hoc networks include
1. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) Protocol
2. Wireless Routing Protocol
3.Source Tree Adaptive Routing (STAR) Protocol.
The proactive routing protocols usually require the maintainance of routing tables and thus, in the dynamically changing mobile ad- hoc network, nodes would need to exchange routing updates periodically.This exchange of route updates would consume bandwidth and if the network is large, these control messages could contribute to a significant amount of overhead.

INTRODUCTION TO ROUTING

2008-05-17T08:55:00.000-07:00

A wireless network that transmits from computer to computer. Instead of using a central base station (access point) to which all computers must communicate.
This peer-to-peer mode of operation can greatly extend the distance of the wireless network. To gain access to the Internet, one of the computers can be connected via wire or wireless to an ISP routing from one node to another on such a "mesh" network typically uses an on-demand routing protocol, such as PROACTIVE and REACTIVE, which generates routing Information only when a station initiates a transmission.
In the past, much research effort has been devoted on Service Discovery in static networks, like the Internet. The emergence of wireless communications and small mobile computing devices has created the need for developing service discovery protocols and architectures targeted to mobile environments. Especially, the proliferation of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) has introduced new requirements to service discovery due to the inherent characteristics of these networks.

FUNCTIONS

2008-04-25T23:01:00.003-07:00

Navigation in the three dimensions is the primary objective of the GPS. The GPS will have a
very important role in the mission of the Railway Safety. The main function of the GPS is to
get the interconnectivity of the various points that will be mentioned in the later sections and to
note the position and speed of the train and respond to the signals that are picked up by the
sensors and send the signals to the Train Drivers and the Guards of the Train Ground Stations
containing the network of the Cabins, Station Masters, Control Rooms and all the related
points on the ground. Thus giving all the details of the train in a very much understandable and
visual form. The signals that are picked up by the satellites will be then processed and checked
for any kind of the faulty situations by simply comparing the signals using the Software and
the DBMS mentioned later in the paper. This will help the Drivers, Station Masters, Cabin men
and many other to operate the traffic of the trains with ease and this will also help in the
communication of all the units (stationary and moving).

ARCHITECTURE

2008-04-25T23:01:00.002-07:00

The GP There will be microphones on the tracks such that they will constantly note the
vibrations that are coming from the train. The vibrations that will be coming from the train will
depend on the above mentioned factors as well as the distance of the sensor from the moving
train. There will be a database for the vibrations prepared on the basis of the ideal conditions
noted by the case study of different trains and with distance of the train from the sensors. There
will be a software that will convert these vibrations in such a form that they can be compared
with the already existing data of the database.many times faster than today's most powerful
computers will be used here to get the details of the train such as the speed and exact position
of the train. Thus the GPS will work as the anti-collision device as well. The GPS will provide
the means of the communication and input of the data from the train to all the centers and the
other trains. If there will be any problem on the track, bridge etc. such as the removal of the
fish plates the vibrations produced from the train will change (they will either get damped or
will get excited which is a noticeable change from the ideal case) the same can be concluded or
developed for the bridges also. This change can be noted by the means of the comparison of
the data obtained from train and the data from the database. There will be use of the fibre optic
network from the sensors so the data can be transferred immediately. All these things will work
in tandem and if there will be any error then the vibrations will differ thus through the satellite
communication we can tell the Engine Driver in advance and a preventive measure can be
taken well ahead of the time. The whole system depends on the proper functioning of the components and the proposed method will even work if there will be failure of one or two
components thus we can say that the proposed method can contribute in large towards the
railway safety by means of the network of the following components.

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

2008-04-25T23:01:00.001-07:00

As we know that most of the accidents occur due to the collisions, negligence of the signals i.e.
the human error, track related problems and some as the technical errors. And yet there is no measures as
such taken for the cause. The main principle that is used for the safety of the Indian Railways is that
whenever a train will move over the track there will be vibrations that will be created on the track. These
vibrations that are produced on the track are dependent on the speed of the train, load or the weight of the
train. These vibrations travel long distances because of one the metal tracks and the other reason is the
connection of these tracks by means of the fish plates.

GPS

2008-04-25T23:01:00.000-07:00

INTRODUCTION:
Indian Railways is having the world’s largest railway network. The Indian Railways contribute
largely in the public transport as it becomes a primary mode of transport. The leading nations have the
separate rail lines for the goods and for the passenger trains. These are things that are not practiced in India.
There are a large number of the accidents that are happening in which many lives are lost and also
in these accidents there is a huge loss of the railway and the national property. Most of the accidents occur
due to negligence, technical faults non-reliable data and late understanding and slow or no response towards
the danger signs considered small. Thus there is need to develop the sensitive Guard Rooms, Cabins,
Stations, Control Rooms and many other units. There is also need to deploy the auto-alert and auto-control
systems.

DIFFERENT MODELS IN NOKIA

2008-04-21T12:57:00.000-07:00

USES AND DRAWBACKS

2008-04-19T21:03:00.002-07:00

USES:
Used to combine explanatory information with an image (like doctor's notes accompanying an x-ray).
Embedding corrective audio or image data in case corrosion occurs from a poor connection or transmission.
Peer-to-peer private communications.
Posting secret communications on the web to avoid transmission.
Copyright protection.
Maintaining anonymity.
Hiding data on the network in case of a breach.

DRAWBACKS:
Could accidentally degrade or render an image misleading.
Could counteract and be counterproductive with the original image.
Doesn't hide the fact that an e-mail was sent, negating the purpose of secret communications.
Someone else with a steganography detection and cracking tool could expose the message.
Easier to open free web-based e-mail or use cloaked e-mail.
Better to understand and effectively use standardized encryption.

HISTORY

2008-04-19T21:03:00.001-07:00

lAnother ingenious method was to shave the head of a messenger and tattoo a message or image on the messengers head. After allowing his hair to grow, the message would be undetected until the head was shaved again.
lAnother common form of invisible writing is through the use of invisible inks. Such inks were used with much success as recently as WWII.

lEmbedding data, which is to be hidden, into an image requires two files.
lThe first is an innocent looking image that will hold the hidden information, called the cover image.
lThe second file is the message – the information to be hidden.

lA message may be plain text, cipher text, other images, or anything that can be embedded in a bit stream.
lWhen combined , the cover and the embedded message make a Stego-image.
lA Stego-key (a type of password ) may also be used to hide , then decode , the message.

STEGANOGRAPHY

2008-04-19T21:03:00.000-07:00

Steganography is the art of concealing the existence of information within seemingly innocuous carriers.
lSteganography can be viewed as akin to cryptography. Both have been used throughout recorded history as means to protect information.
lCryptographic techniques "scramble" messages so if intercepted, the messages cannot be understood.
lSteganography, in an essence, "camouflages" a message to hide its existence and make it seem "invisible" thus concealing the fact that a message is being sent altogether.
lAn encrypted message may draw suspicion while an invisible message will not.

lOne of the first documents describing steganography is from the histories of Herodotus. In ancient Greece, text was written on wax covered tablets. In one story Demeratus wanted to notify Sparta that Xerxes intended to invade Greece. To avoid capture, he scraped the wax off of the tablets and wrote a message on the underlying wood. He then covered the tablets with wax again. The tablets appeared to be blank and unused so they passed inspection by sentries without question.

HOW DOES IT WORKS?

2008-04-17T07:58:00.003-07:00

There are four basic parts to any Bluetooth system: Radio (RF) that receives and transmits data and voice, a Baseband or link control unit that processes the transmitted and received data, link management software that manages the transmission and supporting application software.
Bluetooth radio:
The Bluetooth radio is a short distance, low power radio operating in the unlicensed spectrum of 2.4 GHz and using a nominal antenna power of 0 dBm. At the 0 dBm the range is 10 meters, meaning equipment must be within 10 meters to each other (about 33 feet) to communicate using the bluetooth standard. Optionally a range of 100 meters (about 328 feet) may be achieved by using an antenna power of 20 dBm. Data is transmitted at the rate of up to 1Mbps maximum. But communication protocol overhead limits the practical data rate to a little over 721 Kbps.
Radio communication is subjected to noise and interference, as the 2.4 GHz frequencies is shared between all devices in piconets. So the bluetooth specification has solved this problem by employing what is called as spectrum spreading, in which the bluetooth radio hops among different frequencies very quickly. There are 79 hops starting at 2.402 GHz; and stopping at 2.1.80GHz, each of which is displaced by 1 MHz. The bluetooth avoids interference by hoping around these 79 frequencies 1600times per second. If the transmission encounters the interference it waits till 1/1600th of a second (625 micro second) for the next frequency hop and retransmits on a new frequency. Frequency hoping also provides data security because two packets of data are never sent over the same frequency consecutively and the changing frequency is unpredictable.

ARCHITECTURE

2008-04-17T07:58:00.002-07:00

The ‘core protocols’ form a five-layer stack consisting of the following elements:
· Radio: Specifies details of the air interface, including frequency, the use of frequency hopping, modulation scheme, and transmit power.
· Baseband: Concerned with connection establishment within a piconet, addressing, packet format, timing, and power control.
· Linkmanager: Responsible for link setup between Bluetooth devices and ongoing link management. This includes security aspects such as authentication and encryption, plus the control and negotiation of base band packet sizes.
· Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP): Adapts upper-layer protocols to the base band layer.L2CAP provides both connectionless and connection-oriented services.
· Services discovery protocol (SDP): Is device information, services, and the characteristics of the services can be queried to enable the establishment of a connection between two or more Bluetooth devices. RFCOMM is the cable replacement protocol included in the Bluetooth specification .RFCOMM presents a virtual serial port that is designed to make replacement of cable technologies and transparent as possible serial ports are one of the most common types of communication interfaces used with computing and communications devices. Hence, RFCOMM enables the replacement of serial port cables with the minimum of modification of existing devices. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates EIA-232 control signals over the Bluetooth baseband layer.EIA-232 is a widely used serial port interface standard.
Bluetooth specifies a telephony control protocol. TCS-BIN (telephony control specification-binary) is a bit –oriented protocol that defines the call control signaling for the establishment of speech and data calls between Bluetooth devices.
The host controller layer interfaces the Bluetooth hardware to the upper (L2CAP). It is required only when the L2CAP resides in the software of the host. If the L2CAP is also on the Bluetooth module, this layer may not be required as the L2CAP can then directly communicate with the LMP and baseband. The L2CAP is followed by applications.

OVERVIEW OF BLUETOOTH

2008-04-17T07:58:00.001-07:00

What is Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is the name given to a new technology standard using short-range radio links, intended to replace cable(s) connecting portable and/or fixed electronic devices. Bluetooth is an always-on, short –range radio hookup that resides on a micro-chip. It was intended to create PAN. It was initially developed by the Swedish mobile-phone maker Ericsson in 1994 and was named after Harald Blaatand ‘Bluetooth’ II, the king of Denmark (940-981 AD). It led a way to let laptop computers to make calls over a mobile phone. Bluetooth is a standard for a small, cheap radio chip to be plugged into computers, printers, mobile phones, etc. It was designed to replace cables by taking the information normally carried by the cable, and transmitting it at a special frequency to a receiver.

Concept behind Bluetooth:
The basic concept behind the Bluetooth is to provide a universal short-range wireless capability. It operates in free ISM band from 2.400 GHz to 2.483 GHz, available globally for unlicensed low -power uses. Two Bluetooth devices within 10m of each other can share up to 720 kbps of capability. It has a transmission power of 1mW. Bluetooth is intended to support an open-ended list of applications, including data, audio, graphics, and even video. For eg, audio devices can include headsets, cordless and standard phones, home stereos, and digital MP3 players. Bluetooth can provide consumers with the ability to do the following:
· Make calls from wireless headset connected remotely to a cell phone.
· Eliminate cables linking computers to printers, keyboards, and the mouse.
· Hook up MP3 players wirelessly to other machines to download music.

· Set up home networks so that a couch potato can remotely monitor air conditioning, the oven, and internet surfing.
· Call home from a remote location to turn appliances on and off, set the alarm, and Monitor activity.

BLUE TOOTH

2008-04-17T07:58:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT:

Down the ages man has been struggling for the very survival to get the best of the things that would make him luxurious and also quite comfortable in his living. Many technologies were introduced which on the long run turned to be very fruitful to him. The newly emerging technology that is a boon in the communication is the “BLUETOOTH”.
The convergence of computing and communications has led to the development of Bluetooth technology. Bluetooth is a universal radio interface in the 2.45GHz ISM frequency band to function on a worldwide basis. The interface consists of hardware using ICs, a radio frequency chip, and a base band chip. This paper lays emphasis on the basic concepts behind the Bluetooth technology, how it works in the various fields of the communication. Its Architectural overview and the operation have been discussed with the help of a five layered stack diagram. The various components that are required for The Network Topology gives a detailed explanation about how the connection between two devices is being established. The paper also throws light on the various types of security levels that it can provide to the customers and in what way it is quite different from other technologies. Its sophisticated applications are also being discussed. The advantages it has over other type of technologies like “WI-FI” is being also discussed briefly in the paper. Its usage today and also tomorrow is also being into the limelight.
At the conclusion of the paper its user friendly nature in a large number of fields is being reckoned.

SPEAKER VERIFICATION SYSTEM

2008-04-13T20:13:00.003-07:00

The face retrieval problem, known as face detection, can be defined as follows: given an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the location and size of every human face it contmany applications in which human face detection plays a very important role: it represents the first step in a fully automatic face recognition system, it can be used in image database indexing/searching by content, in surveillance systems and in human-computer interfaces. It also provides insight on how to approach other pattern recognition problems involving deformable textured objects. At the same time, it is one of the harder problems in pattern recognising. An inductive learning detection method has been designed that produces a maximally specific hypothesis consistent with the training data. Three different sets of features were considered for defining the concept of a human face. The performance achieved is as follows: 85% detection rate, a false alarm rate of 0.04 % of the number of windows analyzed and 1 minute detection time on a 320 x 240 image on a SunUltrasparc.

schema enables performance improvement by integrating multiple cues with different confidence measures. Experimental results demonstrate that the system performs very well. It meets the response time as well as the accuracy requirements.

FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION

2008-04-13T20:13:00.002-07:00

Large volumes of fingerprints are collected and stored everyday in a wide range of applications including forensics, access control, and driver license registration. An automatic recognition of people based on fingerprints requires that the input fingerprint be matched with a large number of fingerprints in a database (FBI database contains approximately 70 million fingerprints!). To reduce the search time and computational complexity, it is desirable to classify these fingerprints in an accurate and consistent manner so that the input fingerprint is required to be matched only with a subset of the fingerprints in the database.
Fingerprint classification is a technique to assign a fingerprint into one of the several pre-specified types already established in the literature, which can provide an indexing mechanism. Fingerprint classification can be viewed as a coarse level matching of the fingerprints. An input fingerprint is first matched at a coarse level to one of the pre-specified types and then, at a finer level, it is compared to the subset of the database containing that type of fingerprints only. An algorithm has developed to classify fingerprints into five classes, namely, whorl, right loop, left loop, arch, and tented arch. The algorithm separates the number of ridges present in four directions (0 degree, 45 degree, 90 degree, and 135 degree) by filtering the central part of a fingerprint with a bank of Gabor filters. This information is quantized to generate a FingerCode, which is used for classification. The classification is based on a two-stage classifier, which uses a K-nearest neighbor classifier in the first stage and a set of neural networks in the second stage. The classifier is tested on 4,000 images in the NIST-4 database. For the five-class problem, classification accuracy of 90% is achieved. For the four-class problem (arch and tented arch combined into one class), a classification accuracy of 94.8% has been achieved. By incorporating a reject option, the classification accuracy can be increased to 96% for the five-class classification and to 97.8% for the four-class classification when 30.8% of the images are rejected.

APPLICATION

2008-04-13T20:13:00.001-07:00

Biometrics is a rapidly evolving technology, which has been widely used in forensics such as criminal identification and prison security. Recent advancements in biometric sensors and matching algorithms have led to the deployment of biometric authentication in a large number of civilian applications. Biometrics can be used to prevent unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networks. It can be used during transactions conducted via telephone and Internet (electronic commerce and electronic banking). In automobiles, biometrics can replace keys with key-less entry and key-less ignition.

BIOMETRICS

2008-04-13T20:13:00.000-07:00

Biometrics is automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Among the features measured are; face, fingerprints, hand geometry, handwriting, iris, retinal, vein, and voice. Biometric technologies are becoming the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions. As the level of security breaches and transaction fraud increases, the need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is becoming apparent.
Biometric-based authentication applications include workstation, network, and domain access, single sign-on, application logon, data protection, remote access to resources, transaction security and Web security. Trust in these electronic transactions is essential to the healthy growth of the global economy. Utilized alone or integrated with other technologies such as smart cards, encryption keys and digital signatures, biometrics are set to pervade nearly all aspects of the economy and our daily lives. Utilizing biometrics for personal authentication is becoming convenient and considerably more accurate than current methods (such as the utilization of passwords or PINs). This is because biometrics links the event to a particular individual (a password or token may be used by someone other than the authorized user), is convenient (nothing to carry or remember), accurate (it provides for positive authentication), can provide an audit trail and is becoming socially acceptable and inexpensive.
There are two different ways to resolve a person's identity: verification and identification. Verification (Am I whom I claim I am?) involves confirming or denying a person's claimed identity. In identification, one has to establish a person's identity (Who am I?). Each one of these approaches has its own complexities and could probably be solved best by a certain biometric system.

A biometric system is essentially a pattern recognition system which makes a personal identification by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user. An important issue in designing a practical system is to determine how an individual is identified. Depending on the context, a biometric system can be either verification.

DSP Apps Get Bigger, Hungrier

2008-04-12T06:44:00.004-07:00

In the mid 1990s, several developments began to push DSP processor architectures in new directions. Perhaps most important among these trends, more and more applications began to incorporate DSP functionality and the demand for processors with DSP capabilities skyrocketed.
Some of these new applications hungered for processing speeds beyond that available from traditional DSPs. Cell phones and telecom infrastructure emerged as “killer apps” for DSPs, and their signal processing workloads included some algorithms that bore very little resemblance to filters or FFTs, such as Viterbi decoding and unpacking bit streams. As DSP applications began to get bigger and more complicated, programming in assembly language became more than just annoying—it was starting to become a crippling limitation of the technology.

Multi issue approach Multi-issue processors typically require more instructions (and hence more program memory) to implement a given section of software. Since each instruction is simpler than those of conventional DSP processors, more instructions are required to perform the same amount of work. In addition, multi-issue architectures often use wider instructions than conventional DSPs. The increased width (for instance, 32 bits rather than 16) primarily serves to avoid imposing limitations on, say, which registers can be used with which operations. (The wider the instruction word, the more distinct instructions can be specified, thus allowing the instruction set to support more combinations of operations and registers.) The removal of such limitations makes it much easier to create an efficient compiler for the processor.
DSP processor architects realize that their customers are pushing harder for quality compilers, a longstanding weak point for DSPs. As DSP applications have grown from hundreds of lines of code to tens of thousands of lines, the benefits of programming in a high-level language have become a compelling factor driving DSP’s migration to multi-issue architectures.

MEMORY ARCHITECTURE

2008-04-12T06:44:00.003-07:00

Another highly visible difference between DSP processors and GPPs lies in their memory structure.

Neumann memory architecture. In the von Neumann architecture, there is one memory space connected to the processor core by one bus set (an address bus and a data bus). . The von Neumann architecture is not a good design for DSP, however, because typical DSP algorithms require more memory bandwidth than the von Neumann architecture can provide.

Although most DSP processors include the arithmetic hardware necessary to perform single-cycle MACs, they wouldn’t be able to realize the goal of one tap per cycle using a von Neumann memory structure; the processor simply wouldn’t be able to retrieve samples and coefficients fast enough. For this reason, instead of a von Neumann architecture, most DSP processors use some form of Harvard architecture.

· Harvard architecture.
In a Harvard memory architecture, there are two memory spaces, typically partitioned as program memory and data memory (though there are modified versions that allow some crossover between the two). The processor core connects to these memory spaces by two bus sets, allowing two simultaneous accesses to memory. This arrangement doubles the processor’s memory bandwidth, and it is crucial to keeping the processor core fed with data and instructions.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR ADS

2008-04-12T06:44:00.002-07:00

How many instructions per clock cycle?
A key differentiator among processor architectures is how many instructions are issued and executed per clock cycle. The number of instructions executed in parallel, and the amount of work accomplished by each, directly affect the processor’s level of parallelism, which in turn affects the processor’s speed. Historically, DSP processors have issued only one instruction per clock cycle, and have achieved parallelism by packing several operations into each instruction. A typical DSP processor instruction might perform a multiply-accumulate (MAC) operation, load two new data operands into registers, and increment
the address pointers.
In contrast, high-performance general-purpose processors, such as the Intel Pentium and Motorola PowerPC, usually achieve parallelism by issuing and executing several fairly simple instructions per clock cycle. Why the difference? DSP processors were originally designed for applications sensitive to cost, power consumption, and size. They relied on single-issue architectures, which are typically simpler to implement than architectures that issue more than one instruction per clock. Therefore, they consume less die area and power.

Performance through parallelism

2008-04-12T06:44:00.001-07:00

Digital signal processors are key components of many consumer, communications, medical, and industrial products. DSP processors have fast multiplier hardware, explicit multiply instructions, and multiple bus connections to memory to retrieve multiple data operands at once. General purpose processors typically lack these specialized features and are not as efficient at executing DSP algorithms.
For any processor, the faster its clock rate or the greater the amount of work performed in each clock cycle, the faster it can complete DSP tasks. Higher levels of parallelism, meaning the ability to perform multiple operations at the same time, have a direct effect on a processor’s speed, assuming that its clock rate does not decrease commensurately.

ADVANCED DSP PROCESSOR

2008-04-12T06:44:00.000-07:00

ABSTRACT:

Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is one of the fastest growing fields of technology and computer science in the world. In today's world almost everyone uses DSPs in their everyday life, but unlike users of PCs almost no one knows that they are using DSPs. Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) are special purpose microprocessors and they are used in every form of electronic product, from mobile phones, modems and CD players to the automotive industry; medical imaging systems to the electronic battlefield and from dishwashers to satellites.. As microprocessor fabrication processes have become more sophisticated, the cost of a microprocessor capable of performing DSP tasks has dropped significantly to the point where such a processor can be used in consumer products and other cost-sensitive systems. As a result, more and more products have begun using DSP processors, fueling demand for faster, smaller, cheaper, more energy-efficient chips. This paper throws light on some of the key developments that have shaped current DSP architectures and explores some of the creative new approaches processor architects are taking to create faster, more economical, more-energy efficient DSPs and whether general purpose processors endowed with DSP features can replace DSPs or not.

Applications that use digital signal-processing chips are flourishing, buoyed by increasing performance and falling prices. Concurrently, the market has expanded enormously, to an estimated US $6 billion in 2000. Many newcomers have entered the market, while established companies compete for market share by creating ever more novel, efficient, and higher-performing architectures. The range of digital signal-processing (DSP) architectures available is unprecedented.
In addition to expanding competition among DSP processor vendors, a new threat is coming from general-purpose processors with DSP enhancements. So, DSP vendors have begun to adapt their architectures to stave off the outsiders. What follows provides a framework for understanding the recent developments in DSP processor architectures, including the increasing interchange of architectural techniques between DSPs and general-purpose processors.

nano in robotics

2008-03-31T12:36:00.000-07:00

Robotics & AutomationAbstract –This paper introduces a switching command-based whole-body operation method for humanoid robots. Humanoid robots are biped machines possessing multiple degrees of freedom (DOF). Due to the complexity of their multi-DOF structure, and the difficulty in maintaining postural stability, whole body operation of humanoid robots is fundamentally different from traditional fixed-base manipulators or stable-base mobile manipulators. By studying the shifts in locus of attention between human body joints during task execution, we develop a switching command-based operation method that allows the operator to select only the necessary points of the humanoid robot’s body for manipulation. Whole-body motion satisfying the desired movements of the selected points is generated using an inverse-kinematics motion generation scheme. This switching operation method enables flexible whole-body operation of humanoid robots using simple input devices. The proposed whole-body operation method is implemented as a teleoperation system using two 3-DOF joysticks to operate a 30-DOF humanoid robot (HRP-1S) developed in the Humanoid Robotics Project (HRP) of the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry of Japan. Experiments teleoperating HRP-1S confirmed the effectiveness of our method. Robotics is only an aspect of Automation.Index Terms: Humaniod robot, joysticks, whole-body teleoperation, Automation.

INTRODUCTIONBuilding machines with humanlike form is not only an interesting scientific challenge, but also a practical engineering endeavor. With a physical form similar to humans, the humanoid robots are potential tools to be used as a proxies or assistants of humans in performing tasks in the real-world environment, which is designed for humans. Humanoid robotics has recently evolved into an active research area with the creation of several humanoid robot systems. The quest for a fully autonomous robot is a main scientific goal of the artificial intelligence community. Another promising area is to use humanoid robots augmented with human supervision to perform remote tasks in the unstructured real-world.To achieve various tasks in the real world, humanoid robots have to generate whole-body motions in real time, interacting with the environment and with command inputs by humans. Whether the control comes from an autonomous controller or a human operator, establishing an effective whole-body operation method is of great importance.Humanoid robots are fundamentally different from fixed-base manipulators or wheeled mobile due to the following characteristics.? Humanoid robots usually consist of multiple degrees of freedom. Due to their complexity they require an effective method for whole-body operation.? The supporting polygon area of the robot is small, given the height of the center of mass (CoM) of the robot, resulting in a severe balance constraint. Control algorithms that accomplish the desired tasks while satisfying the severe balance constraints are necessary.

nano in medical

2008-03-15T21:07:00.000-07:00

Come up with cures and treatments for such disease as cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s. The fight against cancer traditionally involves radiation or chemotherapy. Such efforts, however, are hard on the patient, because the radiation and chemotherapy treatments adversely effect other non-cancerous systems in the body. Scientists are thus looking at ways to treat cancerous tumors without effecting surrounding areas in the body. A first way this is being attempted is through the use of nanoshells. Such nanoshells are made of a material such as gold, and are inserted into the body. These gold nanoshells enter into cells throughout the body, and are inert or safe. But, when light of a certain wavelength is shined into the body at a precise location, the nanoshells at that location will heat up and destroy the surrounding tissue. Thus, such a light beam can be directed directly at the tumor where the gold nanoshells will destroy only the tumor cells, and not the surrounding healthy tissue. Another treatment that is being investigated is to use a nano-size container in which a chemotherapy drug is inserted. These containers in the millions are then injected into the body and will enter into cells. However, only when the containers are in a cancerous cell will the containers open up and release the chemotherapy drug. These containers will only open up within cancerous cells, because there are certain enzymes in cancerous cells that are at a sufficiently great enough level that the “lid” on the container is dissolved. Because nanotechnology involves the engineering of molecules at the molecular and atomic levels, it is the hope of such scientists and engineers to be able to manufacture molecular robots that will go into the human body and repair damaged cells or help others to better perform their function. These are often referred to as nanobots in science fiction, such as the nanobots within the Borg in the Star Trek series. Also see http://wise-nano.org/w/Nano_Immune_System_Enhancement.

NANO CLAYS

2008-03-13T22:10:00.001-07:00

Used in packaging, like beer bottles, as a barrier, allowing for thinner material, with a subsequently lighter weight, and greater shelf-life. Impact: $480B packaging and $300B plastics industries. Reduced weight means transportation costs decline. Changing from glass and aluminum - think beer and soda bottles - to plastic reduces production costs. Nanoclays help to hold the pressure and carbonation inside the bottle, increasing shelf life. It is estimated that beer in these containers will gain an extra 60 days (from 120 to 180) of shelf life, reducing spoilage, and decreasing overall costs to the end user. Nanocor is one company producing nanoclays and nanocomposites, for a variety of uses, including flame retardants, barrier film (as in juice containers), and bottle barrier (as shown above). "They are not only used to improve existing products, but also are extending their reach into areas formerly dominated by metal, glass and wood." See nanocaro..

NANO WHERE ARE USES

2008-03-13T22:10:00.000-07:00

400 consumer products already in market place Projects on emerging Nano Technology.
Computer Chips
Automobile parts
Clothing
Cosmetics
Dietary supplements
Construction Industry
600 raw material, immediate components, etc.
Longer life? Unusual properties at nano level?

Work on Green Nano Technology
Read Patents
Develop center for excellence in
colloid Chemistry
Surface chemistry
Material Science
Medical / Pharma
à 21st Century belongs to Indians
Help the world to make a transition to Sustainable
Life Cycle Technologies.

NANO PARTICLES

2008-03-12T08:49:00.000-07:00

Examples: Stain-repellent Eddie baur nano care ibers of 10 to 100 nanometers, uses a process that coats each fiber of fabric with "nano-whiskers." Developed by Nano-Tex, a Burlington Industries subsidiary. Dockers also makes khakis, a dress shirt and even a tie treated with what they call "Stain Defender", another example of the same nanoscale cloth treatment. Impact: Dry cleaners, detergent and stain-removal makers, carpet and furniture makers, window covering makers .... See Nano-tex nual sales of aqueous polymer dispersion products amount to around $1.65 billion. All of them contain polymer particles ranging from ten to several hundred nanometers in size. Polymer dispersions are found in exterior paints, coatings and adhesives, or are used in the finishing of paper, textiles and leather. Nanotechnology also has applications in the food sector. Many vitamins and their precursors, such as carotinoids, are insoluble in water. However, when skillfully produced and formulated as nanoparticles, these substances can easily be mixed with cold water, and their bioavailability in the human body also increases. Many lemonades and fruit juices contain these specially formulated additives, which often also provide an attractive color. In the cosmetics sector, BASF has for several years been among the leading suppliers of UV absorbers based on nanoparticulate zinc oxide. Incorporated in sun creams, the small particles filter the high-energy radiation out of sunlight. Because of their tiny size, they remain invisible to the naked eye and so the cream is transparent on the skin. Nano technology ilizing nanoparticles that are extremely effective at absorbing light, especially in the ultra-violet (UV) range. Due to the particle size, they spread more easily, cover better, and save money since you use less. And they are transparent, unlike traditional screens which are white.

These sunscreens are so successful that by 2001 they had captured 60% of the Australian sunscreen market. Impact: Makers of sunscreen have to convert to using nanoparticles. And other product manufactures, like packaging makers, will find ways to incorporate them into packages to reduces UV exposure and subsequent spoilage. The $480B packaging and $300B plastics industries will be directly effected. See Big Operyunity for small , Argonide rocket propellants that burn at double the rate. They also produce copper nanoparticles that are incorporated into automotive lubricant to reduce engine wear. AngstroMedica has produced a nanoparticulate-based synthetic bone. "Human bone is made of a calcium and phosphate composite called Hydroxyapatite. By manipulation calcium and phosphate at the molecular level, we have created a patented material that is identical in structure and composition to natural bone. This novel synthetic bone can be used in areas where natural bone is damaged or removed, such as in the in the treatment of fractures and soft tissue injuries." See this Kemco International page for a list of applications for nanoparticles.

NANOTECHNOLOGY MILESTONES

2008-03-10T06:48:00.000-07:00

1959
Feynman delivers “Plenty of Room at the Bottom”
Richard Feynman postulates that we can someday manipulate matter on an atomic scale. He states, “The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big." This is often seen as year zero for nanotechnology because of the breadth and depth of Feynman's vision and the inspiration it gave to many, but there is no doubt there was nanotechnology before this and it would have developed as it has anyway, although maybe a little slower.

1974
First molecular electronic device patentedAviram and Seiden of IBM file the first ever patent on a molecular electronic device.

1981
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented
The device uses quantum-tunneling currents between the microscope tip and the material being observed to produce images with atomic resolution. Inventors of the STM, Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Karl Binnig, are awarded the Nobel Prize five years later.
1985
Buckyballs discovered
Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, Jr., and Harold Kroto discover spherical cages of 60 carbon atoms. The new form of carbon these represent is dubbed buckminsterfullerene. They receive the Nobel Prize for their discovery eleven years later.

1986
Atomic force microscope (AFM) invented
Offering similar resolution to the scanning tunneling microscope, the AFM works like an old-fashioned phonograph, by moving a tip across a surface and detecting the vertical movements resulting from hills and valleys it encounters.
Publication of "Engines of Creation"
Dr. K. Eric Drexler presents the ideas of molecular nanotechnology to a wide audience, outlining the awesome potential and dangers he sees in its future.

1987
First observation of quantization of electrical conductance
Groups in Holland and the UK observe step-like variations in conductance through tiny conducting strips, i.e. the conductance is quantized, demonstrating that nanoelectronics is not just smaller, but different.
First single-electron transistor created
Theodore A. Fulton and Gerlad J. Dolan of Bell Laboratories construct a transistor where the current being switched consists of the movement of a single electron.
1988
First "designer protein" created
William deGrado and his group at DuPont design a new protein from scratch, and then make it.
1989
"IBM" written with 35 xenon atoms
Using the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope, scientists at IBM in Zurich show that individual atoms can be moved and positioned precisely.

1993
First nanotechnology lab in the US
The US's first laboratory dedicated to nanotechnology is created at Rice University.
1997
DNA-based nanomechanical device created
New York University's Nadrian Seeman demonstrates that DNA can be used as a building block for nanoscale mechanical devices.
1999
Scientists create electronic molecular switch
Yale scientists Mark Reed and James M. Tour create an organic switch in a single molecule.
2000
US launch National Nanotechnology Initiative
Putting a hefty $422 million into nanotechnology research, the US government shows its recognition of the strategic importance to the U.S. of the field. Nanotechnology starts to enter the vocabulary of the public at large.

2001
Nanotube logic
Researchers at IBM and Delft University create the first transistors, and then logic gates made entirely from carbon nanotubes

DISCRIPTION OF APPLICATIONS

2008-03-09T18:42:00.002-07:00

Tools
Before you can make something, you have to have the tools. For this reason, this category has the greatest number of established companies. By tools we mean the collection of technologies that allow us to see, manipulate and engineer at the atomic level.

STMs. It is now twenty years since the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was invented, allowing us to see atoms for the first time. The STM works by detecting small currents flowing between the microscope tip and the sample being observed (the current flows because of quantum mechanical tunneling).

AFMs. Five years later a device with similar capabilities, the atomic force microscope (AFM), was invented, which has a tiny probe on the end of a cantilever (like a springboard). The probe makes contact with the surface of the sample and, as it moves over it, is deflected by the variations in the surface, causing the cantilever to bend. A laser beam detects the bending of the cantilever and, again, we get atomic resolution. Advances are being made in using these in various mediums, including liquids, which is particularly useful for looking at biological samples.

Scanning Probe Microscopes. The AFM and the STM are collectively called scanning probe microscopes and can not just produce images but actually move atoms around, as was demonstrated when IBM used an SPM to write the company's letters in xenon atoms (see picture). SPMs have potential for high-density data storage technologies and can be used to write nanoscale lines, as in dip-pen nanolithography. In case you are imagining some vast machine in a laboratory, AFMs and STMs can be bought as devices not much bigger than a mouse that plug into a computer's USB port.

Optical Techniques. Optical techniques are in theory limited in resolution to half the wavelength of the light being used, which keeps them out of the lower nanoscale, but various approaches can overcome these limits, such as the use of quantum mechanical properties of light or interferometry (measuring things using the interference of light beams), which has recently been shown to have the potential to detect movements at a 1000th of the wavelength of the light being used.

Litho graphics. The mask-based lithographic tools and techniques used in the traditional semiconductor industry have also entered the nano realm (sub 100nm), but not yet for mass production.

Additional Tools. The list is by no means complete. A few other tools and techniques that operate on the nanoscale are: nuclear magnetic resonance; molecular beam epitaxy and laser tweezers (whereby laser beams are used to hold and manipulate molecules). ; And a tool called the nanomanipulator that borrows from the world of virtual reality to allow researchers to "feel" individual atoms. Research into new tools and techniques is extremely vibrant.
Computer Modeling. Finally, a mention of a tool that goes back some years now but will surely have an impact on nanotechnology, computer modeling (much used by the molecular nanotechnologists). New supercomputers are being commissioned, and distributed computing is being brought into play to simulate the behavior of matter at the atomic and molecular level.

APPLICATION OF NANO

2008-03-09T18:42:00.001-07:00

Probably the two most useful ways of organizing the nanotech world are through the technology, i.e. what is being made, and through applications, i.e. where these products will find a home. For our concise introduction, we use a mixture:

Ø Tools
Ø Materials
Ø Devices
Ø Techniques for Building Nanoscale Structures
Ø Electronics and Information Technology
Ø Life Sciences
Ø Power and Processes and the Environment

Any attempt to categorize the world in such a crude way is necessarily imperfect and there will always be certain technologies that span groups or do not fit neatly into one or the other. Furthermore, the multidisciplinary nature of nanotechnology means that is difficult to separate advances in, for example, tools, from their effect on life sciences.

MICROSCOPIC MACHINES

2008-03-06T07:55:00.000-08:00

The size of our own cells or smaller could travel around the body, collecting information about what is wrong and then doing whatever molecular surgery is necessary to fix the problem. Viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells could be precisely identified and removed, without disturbing healthy tissue. Military applications that are considered are of course mainly warfare. Molecular manufacturing will make it possible to produce massive amounts of conventional weapons very quickly and cheaply. The micromachined clock source, conventional integrated circuits, and other micromachined elements can be built simultaneously to form a complete "systems on a chip," which if mass produced could yield dramatic reductions in price and increases in reliability, Smith says. Hundreds to thousands can be built on a single silicon wafer. In addition, the cost of manufacturing could be significantly reduced because the need for assembly would be eliminated. Under current production methods, quartz crystal timing devices and integrated circuits are manufactured separately and then assembled. Since the two systems would be on one unit, there would be no need to piece them together, saving a significant cost source.
These would be similar to programmed germs or viruses that spread unseen. Thus armies of trillions upon trillions of microscopic machines could be programmed to very rapidly reduce any unprotected population, or specific individuals within that population, to dust. Replicating assemblers could duplicate weapons but better, and quickly. Predictions of the full impacts of nanotechnology are full ranging. Some people think that we could have crude assemblers within ten years. Some scientists don't think such assemblers will ever be built, although everyone agrees more limited forms of nanotechnology are coming soon. How quickly we move from crude assemblers to complex nanorobots and cell repair machines depends partly on how good we become at writing very complex software. Or how quickly we develop very intelligent (or even AI) computers that can do it for us. It is money, as in most cases that will keep research going and the more funding, the quicker the results.
A team led by Case Western Reserve University chemical engineering professor C.C. Liu will receive $1.3 million over the next four years to research and develop novel microscopic machines powered by ultra light-sensitive molecules. The practical applications of research on these molecules, called bistable rotaxanes, include energy-storage systems, drug-delivery devices, and chemical and biological sensors; any of which could fit on the head of a pin.
The MEMS prototype would serve as a replacement clock source. It is different from the quartz crystals because it is excited and sensed electrostatically instead of piezoelectrically. Unlike their quartz counterparts which expand or change shape, these polysilicon resonators physically move in much the same way as a tuning fork vibrates. The prototype also acts somewhat differently from other micromachines used in products currently on the market -- such as sensors for pressure and acceleration -- that are minute moving gears and pins...

INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY

2008-03-04T10:05:00.000-08:00

Nnotechnology is the manipulation of matter on the nanoscale. A nanometer is a very small measure of length- it is one billionth of a meter, a length so small that only three or four atoms lined up in a row would be a nanometer. So, nanotechnology involves designing and building materials and devices where the basic structure of the material or device is specified on the scale of one or a few nanometers.

Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at the realm of 1 to 100 nanometers. (For reference, a piece of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick.) At the nanoscale, matter functions differently from both the individual atomic and macroscopic scales, so some unique properties are available for use in the field.

The scientific community, in its never ending quest for information and knowledge, consistently fails to seriously acknowledge the dangers of "invisible" technology, such as nanotechnology, going haywire. Nothing is ever to go wrong according to them yet it always does somehow.

These molecular machines will be capable of making other molecular machines and other products in which the atomic structure is precisely arranged to make the desired product. These molecular machines that will be able to assemble atoms into complex structures have been termed "assemblers." Such assemblers will be able to build just about anything that exists or can be designed, anything that is compatible with the basic laws of physics.

New discoveries and uses are made frequently and from all over the academic and commercial world. Research results, applications and products are being published and marketed continuously.
While it's not difficult to imagine the dangers of nanotechnology, we should also acknowledge its positive potential.

There are few degrees of study specifically in nanotechnology, so look for a good, well-rounded physics program. Nanotechnology works at tiny levels of matter, so knowledge of atomic, molecular, chemical and quantum physics is essential to this field of study. Working knowledge of biochemistry, chemistry, and biophysics, as well as a proficiency with complex mathematics, would also help qualify you for this field.

Perhaps some people will replace some of their natural tissue with super strong materials so that they could jump out of an airplane five miles up, land comfortably on their feet and walk away. Or swim underwater for half and hour using oxygen stored in artificial blood cells.

cell phones belongs to nanotenchnology

2008-03-04T09:23:00.000-08:00

A concept cellphone developed by the Finnish company Nokia and the University of Cambridge. The Morph phone doesn't exist -- yet -- but there are images of how it might function at an exhibit in New York's Museum of Modern Art called "Design and the Elastic Mind." If you can negotiate the eccentric, Flash-based navigation, you can check out the hundreds of entries. Some are funny, some poignant, some silly, some bizarre and some that look as if they might become really useful someday.

Right now the Morph phone is a concept, but it is based on real technologies. It makes extensive use of nanotechnology. "Nano" comes from the Greek word for "dwarf," and a nanometer is a unit of length, equal to one-billionth of a meter. According to Jennifer Kahn, writing for National Geographic, a nanometer is "the amount of time a man's beard grows in the time it takes to raise a razor to his face." It's pretty unimaginably small. A comma could hold a half a million nanometers. "Nanotechnology" is technology that manipulates materials on the atomic and molecular scales.

Nanotechnology has been used for years in popular products such as Eddie Bauer "nanocare" trousers. Nanoscale "whiskers" attach to cotton fabric, making it stain- and water-resistant and not prone to wrinkling. Sunscreen manufacturers have found that using nano-size zinc or titanium dioxide particles makes for a clear lotion, rather than the familiar white sunscreen. Scientists at the University of Edinburgh have even made tiny nanomachines that can move an object that is big enough to see without a microscope.

NOKIA 5610 XPRESSMUSIC

2008-02-21T08:08:00.000-08:00

Nokia released new version of the mobile i.e Nokia 5610 xpressmusic. The Nokia 5610 is specifically similar to the Nokia 6500 Slide. Only difference being that the Nokia 6500 Slide is styled mainly for business professionals while the 5610 is a more youthful phone.

FEATURES:

- Nokia 5610 phone
- Nokia BP-5M 3.7V Battery
- 512 MB microSD memory card
- Battery Charger
- Nokia Wired Headset
- Micro USB Cable
- Instruction Manual with Software CD

Above points are features of 5610.
Nokia released two styles in 5610 model one is red color and second one is black color.
This model constructed with full features. These features are listed below...
GENERAL :
2G network GSM 850/900/1800/1900
3G network UMTS 850/2100/1900-US version

SIZE:
DIMENSIONS 98.5 x 48.5 x 17mm, 75 cc
WEIGHT 111gm

DISPLAY:

TYPE TFT,16 m colors

RINGTONES:

TYPE polyphonic, MP3, MP4, WMA, AAC, video tunes

FEATURES:

CAMERA 3.15 mp, 2048x1536
BROWSER wap 2.0xHTML and opera browser
bluetooth v 2.0
infrared NO
3G 384 kbps
BATTERY:

standard battery , Li-ion 900 mAh

HOW TO START

2008-02-21T05:55:00.000-08:00

First we know about the how to start the mobiles. The following steps helps you...
INSTALL SIM card and battery:

Always switch the device off and disconnect the charger before removing the battery. Keep all SIM cards out of the reach of small children. For availability and infomation on using Sim cards services, contacts your SIM cards vendor. This may be the service provider , network operator , or other vendor.
To remove the back over of the phone,
1.push the back cover release button
2.Detach the back cover away from the phone
3.Remove the battery
4.Open the SIM card holder
5.Insert the SIM card properly into the holder
6.Close the SIM card holder
7.Replace the battery
8.Slide the back cover into its place

CHARGE THE BATTERY:
Check the model number of any charger before use with this device. This device is intended for use when supplied with from an AC-3 or AC-4 charger.
Use only batteries, chargers, and enhancement approved by Nokia for use with this particular model. The use of any other types may invalidate any approval or warranty, any may be dangerous.
For availbility of approved enhancements please check with your dealer. When you disconnect the power cord of any enhancement grasp and pull the plug, not the cord. Connect the charger to a wall socket and the lead from the charger to the socket on the bottom of your phone. If the battery is completely discharged, it may take a few minutes before the charging indicator appears on the display or before any calls can be made. The charging time depends on the charger used. Charging a BL-5B battery with the AC-3 charger takes approximately three hours while the phone is in the time by mode.

SWITCH THE PHONE ON:

Do not switch the phone ON when wireless phone use in prohibited or when it may cause interference or danger. Press and hold the power key.

SET THE TIME AND DATE:
Enter the local time, select the time zone of your location in terms of the time difference with respect to green which mean TIME, and enter DATE.

MAKE A CALL:

1. Enter the phone number, including the area code for international calls, press * twice for the international prefix, enter the country code, the area code without the leading 0, if necessary, and the phone number.
2. To call the number, press the call key. To increase the volume in a call, press + and decrease, press -.
3.To end the call or to cancel the call attempt, press the end key, or close the phone.

NOKIA STRIKES

2008-02-21T04:57:00.000-08:00

Nokia released new mobile into market. This nokia company releases wonderful models to market. Peoples are fully enjoyed with this models. Nokia recent releases mobiles are N-95, N-85 and xpress music editions. These mobiles xtremely good.
Nokia is one of the mobile company in this world. This company releases many models for the people. Nokia directly interact with the people.
The Nokia Care web support provides you with more information on our online service.

INTERACTIVE DEMONSTRATIONS:
Learn how to set up your phone for the first time, and find out more about its features. Interactive Demonstration give step-by-step insturction on using your phone.

USER GUIDE:
The online User's guide contains detailed information on your phone. Remember to check regularly for updates.

SOFTWARE:
Make the most of your phone with software for your phone and PC. Nokia PC suite connects your phone to system. PC so you can manage your calender,contacts, music, while other applications complement its use.

SETTINGS:
Certain phone functions, such as multimedia messaging, mobile browsing and email, may require settings before you can use them. Have them sent to tour phone free of change.

Above points are very helpful to every one. Now a days every one use the mobiles. But some people don't know how to use. This problems solve my information. I am giving full information about that. First i am giving the latest mobiles in the NOKIA.